Antique Stereoscopic Sculpture:
A seated statue of the king (Kha Shakhmawi), one of the oldest statues of Egypt. The king is shown wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, sitting on his throne, with his left hand clasped on his chest while his right-hand rests on his knee. The base is adorned with inscriptions depicting the defeated enemies of the Lower Egyptian population. The king's face suggests prestige and the king's majesty.
Antique relief:
The most important early model of it is the Pillar of King Narmer, which is engraved on two sides.
The second side of the prayer:
It consists of four lines; the first resembles an interview; on the first and second sides is the image of the king wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, followed by his sandal bearer in a victory procession, and in front of him are the brigades as he looks at the corpses of the enemies separated by their heads.
The third line consists of two men holding two mythical animals with long necks embracing. In the lower fourth line, a bull represents the king who throws a person to the ground and breaks into one of the castle walls with its horns.
Sculpture in the Old Kingdom:
Ancient Stereoscopic Sculpture:
The sculpture was more artistically embodied in the types of stone, diorite, and basalt and exploded with a refined sense and expressive features.
Among the statues of the pharaohs is a group of statues of the king (Menkara) with his wife.
Sculpture in ancient Egypt for the Great Sphinx:
The Sphinx is synonymous with the word (secret), which means a lion with a human body in the ancient Egyptian religion. It may have formed a mystery or a secret throughout its history.
The statues of the Sphinx were made of stones, and its mission was to guard its tombs. In the era of the New Kingdom, it was placed on both sides of the roads leading to the entrances to the temples.
The secrets of building the Great Sphinx:
During the era of the modern state, he was considered a god of the dead and a guardian of the dead, which is an attribute that makes his position at the entrance to the cemetery very appropriate. This characteristic may be because the Sphinx, since the era of the Old Kingdom, was called Atum, the god of the setting sun, as we saw in the texts of the pyramids.
Perhaps the idea was original that the divine king was residing there on the western horizon like “Atum” and then became considered a protector of the dead in the West.
Ancient relief sculpture:
The prominent sculpture on hard and fragile surfaces developed, and the inner tomb walls were engraved on the daily life of the tomb owner because he believed that it was possible to turn into real images that he would enjoy in his other life,
The inscriptions are of two types: prominent, which is what is carved about parts of the subject. So that the shapes stand out above the wall level and are recessed, it is sufficient to dig out the specific lines of the shapes and carve their details. These lines will be deeper than the surface of the wall.
Sculpture in the Middle Kingdom:
Medieval Sculpture: Sculpture was weak in this urban area and was not widespread. Examples include:
Statue of King Mentuhotep wearing the Crown of the North.
The head of the statue of King Sestorius III, whose human features seem to be of a worried, fearful and sad nature,
Wooden statues: the statue of the girl carrying a basket over her head. This statue is considered a departure from the official statues and a manifestation of the folk rather than the royal character.
Colourful pottery figurines: such as the seahorse figurine.
Sculpture in Ancient Egypt and the New Kingdom:
Modern Stereoscopic Sculpture:
Life-size (human-sized) and huge statues appeared, and this statue industry passed through several stages:
The open stage:
Egyptian art opened up to the arts of the Levant and Anatolia, which resulted in the interest in sculpture, in addition to faces, with other organs such as hands and legs, and the emergence of expression on the face.
Realistic stage:
In the art of Tel el-Amarna, where the sculptor departed from the old traditions used in sculpting statues of kings and preferred to represent them over their character and nature. The best example of this is the group of statues of King Akhenaten.
Conservative stage:
Returning to previous traditions after the elimination of Akhenaten's religious revolution and the return to the worship of Amun in Thebes, beautiful and expressive faces also appeared, and this is evident in the effects of King Tutankhamun
Huge statues:
They appeared in the sites of temples, and their purpose was to be consistent or consistent with the huge architecture that is linked to them to match the size of the temples built in this period, for example, the statues of Memnon located in the Thebes plain (the Greeks called Memnon on the two statues.
Modern relief sculpture:
The walls of the temples of the modern state are usually decorated with reliefs depicting various subjects, the most important of which are battles and war victories, as in the inscriptions of Thutmose III found on the walls of his temple in Karnak; Where we see him holding the heads of his Asian enemies with one hand while he falls with a (repressor) carrying it in the other hand on their heads.
Sculpture in ancient Egypt in the late period
Few statues were found from the Saw era, and a basalt statue is among the few examples.
It is noted that the *Sawy style* of sculpture was overshadowed by the method of imitation of the arts of the ancient state, and the interest in recording facial features accurately appears in the statue of a priest from basalt. As for the prominent sculpture, it did not have a distinctive character; rather, It was an imitation of the ancient state inscriptions.