Alexandria, the largest city in the Mediterranean and the third-largest city in Egypt, boasts a rich history that spans millennia. In ancient Egyptian times, Alexandria held little significance during the Old Kingdom, only becoming a trading post during the era of Ramses the Great. However, its true transformation began with Alexander the Great, who founded the city in April 331 BC. Inspired by a dream where the Greek poet Homer suggested a strategic location, Alexander ordered the construction of a grand Greek city named after himself, connecting Egypt to Greece and Europe through the Mediterranean.
After Alexander’s death, Alexandria flourished under the Ptolemaic dynasty, becoming the capital of Egypt. This era saw the establishment of iconic landmarks such as the Library of Alexandria and the Pharos Lighthouse, making Alexandria a beacon of knowledge and culture in the ancient world. The city’s prestige continued into the Roman era, where it remained a vital hub, second only to Rome itself.
With the rise of Christianity, Alexandria became a center of the Christian community, alongside Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople, and Rome. The Patriarch of Alexandria wielded significant influence, although conflicts and power struggles were common, particularly with Constantinople. Despite early persecution, Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire, further cementing Alexandria’s importance.
The Muslim conquest of Egypt in the 7th century brought a new chapter to Alexandria’s history. Despite periods of turmoil, including the destruction of many ancient treasures, Alexandria retained its status as a major Mediterranean city. Notably, the Great Library, often associated with its burning, likely suffered more from natural disasters and conflicts over the centuries.
Fast forward to the 21st century, and Alexandria has evolved into a modern commercial and industrial center while preserving its historical heritage. The city’s layout still reflects its ancient roots, with a bustling economy focused on textiles, chemicals, mechanical and naval construction, and banking.
Visitors to Alexandria today can explore a wealth of historical sites and attractions. The Catacombs of Kom el-Shoqafa, a Roman-era burial site blending Egyptian and Greco-Roman art, showcase the cultural fusion of Alexandria. The Roman Amphitheatre at Kol Al-Dikka, the Villa of the Birds with its stunning mosaics, and the Pompey Pillar and Serapeum, symbols of Alexandria’s Roman past, are all must-visit destinations.
The Qaitbay Citadel stands as a testament to Alexandria’s Islamic heritage, built as a defensive fortress in the 15th century on the site of the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque honours a Sufi saint and represents centuries of Islamic influence in the city.
Museums like the Alexandria National Museum, Greco-Roman Museum, Cavafy Museum, Royal Jewelry Museum, and Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Library of Alexandria) offer insights into Egypt’s diverse history and cultural richness. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina, in particular, is a modern marvel, housing a vast collection of books, specialized libraries, an internet archive, and museums, all paying homage to the lost ancient library.
The Montaza Gardens and Palace provide a serene retreat, reflecting the city’s more recent history under Egyptian rulers like Khedive Abbas II and King Fouad I.
In conclusion, Alexandria’s journey from a humble fishing village to a cosmopolitan metropolis mirrors Egypt’s historical tapestry. Its ancient legacy intertwined with modernity offers a captivating experience for travellers seeking a blend of culture, heritage, and vibrant city life. As Alexandria continues to evolve, its allure as a cradle of civilization remains undiminished, inviting visitors to uncover its secrets and immerse themselves in its captivating story.