THE HISTORY OF BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
Borobudur was built during the Syailendra Dynasty in the 9th century, around the year 800 CE, under the reign of King Samaratungga. The temple is believed to have been completed in the early 9th century but was abandoned by the end of the 14th century due to the decline of Buddhism in Java, replaced by the rise of Islam. For centuries, it remained hidden under layers of volcanic ash and jungle growth, largely forgotten by the outside world.
It wasn’t until the early 19th century that Borobudur was rediscovered by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the British colonial ruler of Java. The temple, though partially damaged, began to receive attention for its artistic and architectural splendor. Over the next century, extensive restoration work took place, culminating in Borobudur’s listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991, ensuring its preservation for future generations.
Architectural Brilliance
Borobudur is an architectural masterpiece that combines elements of Javanese Buddhist architecture, Indian influence, and Southeast Asian design. The structure is made up of nine stacked platforms, six square ones at the base and three circular ones at the top, culminating in a large central stupa. The temple is constructed from approximately 2 million stone blocks, predominantly made of volcanic tuff, sourced from the nearby Merapi volcano.
The design of Borobudur follows the ancient concept of a cosmic mountain, symbolizing the journey from the earthly realm (the base) to enlightenment (the top). The journey to the top represents the path that a Buddhist follows to attain Nirvana. The lower levels depict human existence, with scenes illustrating the teachings of the Buddha, while the upper levels depict more profound spiritual concepts.
Key Features:
Relief Panels:
One of the most striking features of Borobudur is its 2,672 relief panels that cover the temple’s surfaces. These intricate carvings are not only works of art but also tell the story of the Buddha’s life, his teachings, and the Jataka tales—stories about the previous lives of the Buddha. The reliefs also offer insights into the culture and daily life in ancient Java, with depictions of animals, people, and the environment.Stupas:
At the top of Borobudur, the central stupa is surrounded by 72 smaller stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha. The central stupa symbolizes the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice: enlightenment and union with the divine. The smaller stupas represent the stages on the path to spiritual awakening.The Mandala Design:
The temple is designed as a three-dimensional mandala, a symbolic representation of the universe in Buddhist cosmology. The lower levels represent the worldly realm of desire (kamadhatu), the middle levels represent the realm of forms (rupadhatu), and the upper levels represent the formless realm (arupadhatu), symbolizing enlightenment.The Great Stupa:
The central stupa at the top of Borobudur is empty, symbolizing the idea of emptiness in Buddhist philosophy. It serves as a focal point of meditation, representing the unattainable state of Nirvana.
Cultural and Spiritual Significance
Borobudur is not just a physical structure; it holds deep spiritual and cultural significance for Buddhists and visitors alike. The temple is an enduring symbol of Buddhist cosmology and philosophy, offering a space for reflection, meditation, and prayer.
Pilgrimage Site:
Borobudur is an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists, especially during the annual Vesak Festival, which celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. Pilgrims from around the world come to Borobudur to walk around the temple in a ritualistic manner, following the path of the reliefs as a form of meditation. The temple’s sacred nature continues to attract Buddhist communities from various countries, making it a vital center of spiritual activity.
Symbol of Indonesian Heritage:
While Borobudur is an active place of worship for Buddhists, it is also a profound symbol of Indonesian cultural heritage. It stands as a testament to Indonesia’s long and diverse history of religious and cultural exchanges. As one of the most visited tourist destinations in the country, Borobudur plays a critical role in promoting Indonesia's cultural tourism and increasing awareness of the rich history of Southeast Asia.
Visiting Borobudur
Visitors to Borobudur are often struck by the serenity of the temple and its breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside, especially when seen at sunrise or sunset. The site is located in the Magelang Regency in Central Java, about 40 kilometers northwest of Yogyakarta. The temple complex is easily accessible by car or bus from the city, with a number of accommodations nearby for those wishing to stay overnight.
Things to Do at Borobudur:
Sunrise at Borobudur:
Watching the sun rise over the temple is one of the most magical experiences. The sight of the sun’s golden light gradually illuminating the stone reliefs and stupas is unforgettable. Sunrise tours are available, offering an early morning view before the crowds arrive.Photography:
With its intricate carvings, massive stupas, and stunning backdrop of the surrounding volcanic mountains, Borobudur offers plenty of opportunities for photographers to capture its beauty from different angles.Climbing the Temple:
Visitors can climb to the top of the temple, where they can take in panoramic views of the surrounding valley. The view is especially breathtaking in the early morning light when the mist still clings to the landscape.Museum and Visitor Center:
The Borobudur Archaeological Park and its museum offer more insight into the temple's history and significance, with informative exhibits and interactive displays about its construction, restoration, and cultural context.